Call()

In javascript call() is a built-in method of the Function prototype that allows you to call a function with a specified this value and arguments provided individually. The call() method is similar to the apply() method, except that it takes arguments provided individually instead of as an array or array-like object.

Here's an example of using call() in JavaScript:

Apply()

apply is the same as a call but it takes an array as a second argument and that's the only difference.

Here's an example of using apply() in JavaScript:

Bind()

By using the bind() method an object can borrow a method from another object. And some time bind method is used to prevent losing this. when a function is used as a callback, this is lost and the bind method helps us to solve this problem. Unlike the call() and apply() methods, the bind() method doesn’t immediately execute the function.

Here's an example of using bind() in JavaScript:

To fix the issue of losing this we can use bind like this

Destructuring Assignment

The two most used data structures in javascript are object and array. Object allows us to create a single entity that stores data items by key and Array allows us to gather data items into an ordered list.

destructuring assignment is a special syntax that allows us to "unpack" an array or object into a bunch of variables as sometimes it's more convenient and easy to use.

destructuring also works great with complex functions that have a lot of parameters, default values and so on...

Note: When destructuring objects, you should use the same name for the variable as the corresponding object key.

Here's an example of using an object destructuring assignment :

Here's an example of using an array destructuring assignment :

Promise

In JavaScript, a promise is a good way to handle asynchronous operations. It is used to find out if the operation is completed or not.

The promise may have one of the three states:

• Pending

• Fulfilled

• Rejected

Here's an example of using Promise:

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